Table of Content

30 April 2026, Volume 0 Issue 4

Previous Issue   

Research & Analysis

Research on Metal Liquid Bridge During Contact Separation in DC Miniature Circuit Breaker

XUE Yuan, LI Jing, DUAN Wei, HUANG Chongyang, FU Si

2026, 0(4):  1-7.  doi:10.16628/j.cnki.2095-8188.2026.04.001

Asbtract ( 10 )   HTML ( 4)   PDF (2302KB) ( 12 )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

To clarify the evolution law of metallic liquid bridges and the inducing mechanism of double liquid bridges during the contact separation process of DC miniature circuit breakers(MCB), a slow-breaking experimental platform equipped with a high-power electron microscope is established. Taking copper(Cu) and CuCr0.5 alloy as contact materials, the characteristics of metallic liquid bridges are systematically investigated under the conditions of DC 13 V load, current ranging from 16 A to 22 A, and breaking speed between 0.4 mm/s and 1.0 mm/s, with the synchronous collection of geometric parameters and waveform data. The results show that the evolution of liquid bridges undergoes three stages:heating and melting, stable existence, and unstable rupture. The stable liquid bridge presents a cylindrical shape; after rupture, a needle-shaped residue forms on the cathode, and the material migrates directionally from the anode to the cathode. The size of liquid bridges increases with the rise of current and decreases with the increase of breaking speed. An increase in current tends to induce double liquid bridges, and their rupture is prone to trigger arc discharge. The CuCr0.5 alloy contacts completely suppress the occurrence of double liquid bridges, exhibiting significantly superior resistance to liquid bridges and arc discharge compared with pure copper contacts.

Technology of Short-Term Load Forecasting Scenario Generation Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning and Conditional Diffusion Models

CHU Linlin, ZHANG Yujun, ZONG Ming, ZHU Xia, CHEN Yanjun, YANG Zhixiang, JIA Yajun

2026, 0(4):  8-16.  doi:10.16628/j.cnki.2095-8188.2026.04.002

Asbtract ( 16 )   HTML ( 2)   PDF (2980KB) ( 7 )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

With the construction of a new power system dominated by new energy sources, the uncertainty of power load has increased significantly, posing severe challenges to the safe, stable and economic operation of power grids. Against this background, uncertain load forecasting methods such as probabilistic forecasting and interval forecasting have attracted extensive attention. Scenario technology provides key inputs for forecasting models by modeling and simulating multi-source uncertainties including load, meteorology and new energy output. This paper proposes a short-term load forecasting scenario generation method that integrates deep reinforcement learning(DRL) and conditional diffusion model(CD). Aiming at the complex coupling and dynamic characteristics of multivariate time-series data such as load and meteorology, a conditional diffusion model combined with bidirectional long short-term memory(Bi-LST) network, self-attention mechanism and seasonal decomposition layer is designed to accurately leamn the intrinsic conditional probability distribution of data and generate high-fidelity fiture scenarios. Meanwhile, to address the difficulty of hyperparameter tuning, an optimization framework based on DRL, is constructed, which formulates hyperparameter optimization as a lMarkov decision process and realizes adaptive parameter configuration through the interaction between agents and the environment. Experiments based on actual load and meteorological lata from a regton in China show that the proposed method outperforms benchmark models in various evaluation indicators.

Research on Adaptive Energy Management Strategy of Grid Energy Storage System Integrated with Deep Learning-Model Predictive Control

WANG Rui

2026, 0(4):  17-31.  doi:10.16628/j.cnki.2095-8188.2026.04.003

Asbtract ( 15 )   HTML ( 2)   PDF (2329KB) ( 5 )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

To address the issues of low energy regulation efficiency, slow response speed, and poor robustness faced by energy storage systems in the development of renewable energy and smart grids, an energy management strategy that integrates deep learning(DL) and model predictive control(MPC) algorithm is proposed. Firstly, an accurate mathematical model that considers temperature changes and aging effects is established. The optimal network structure is determined based on Kolmogorov’s theorem, and the weight coefficients are scientifically set using the analytic hierarchy process. Then, the dynamic adaptive adjustment of parameters is achieved by using the model predictive control algorithm. Finally, through comprehensive comparative experiments with 11 mainstream methods and robustness tests under 8 typical disturbances, the results show that the energy regulation efficiency of the proposed method reaches 99.6%, and the response time is only 28 ms, which is significantly superior to traditional strategy. It demonstrates excellent stability and anti-interference ability under various complex disturbance conditions.

Investigation of Pantograph Wire-Following Contact Force in Electric Locomotives Based on Multi-Agent Proximal Policy Optimization

MA Zhenhao, GUO Fengyi, HAN Congxin

2026, 0(4):  32-40.  doi:10.16628/j.cnki.2095-8188.2026.04.004

Asbtract ( 12 )   HTML ( 3)   PDF (1818KB) ( 6 )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

The pantograph-catenary system, as the key interface for traction power transmission in electric locomotives, determines current-collection quality and operational reliability through its coordination performance. At high speeds, the sliding of pantograph along the contact wire excites coupled vibrations in the pantograph-catenary system, undermining contact stability and reducing current-collection efficiency. Regulating the wire-following contact force(WFCF) is an effective remedy. A multi-agent proximal policy optimization(MAPPO) method augmented with a long short-term memory(LSTM) network is proposed to achieve dynamic WFCF control. Within a centralized-training, decentralized-execution(CTDE) framework, multiple agents are trained to learn speed-specific control policies, enabling precise force regulation across operating conditions. Experimental results show that the proposed approach substantially suppresses WFCF fluctuations and enhances contact wire-following performance(CWFP).

Research on Self-Triggered Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker with Coupled Inductors

REN Changbin, LU Quansheng, HUANG Jingjing, YIN Jianning

2026, 0(4):  41-48.  doi:10.16628/j.cnki.2095-8188.2026.04.005

Asbtract ( 7 )   HTML ( 2)   PDF (3124KB) ( 10 )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

To improve the interruption performance of DC circuit breakers in photovoltaic systems, a self-triggered hybrid DC circuit breaker(HDCCB) based on coupled inductors is proposed, which uses a miniature circuit breaker as the mechanical switch. Based on the experimentally measured arc volt-ampere characteristics, an interruption model of the proposed HDCCB is established. The coupled inductors reduce the rise rate of the fault current, thereby limiting its peak value. In addition, advancing the turn-on instant of the IGBTs shortens the overall interruption time of the circuit breaker. At high voltage levels, the voltage division and current limiting capabilities of the inductors contribute to high-capacity interruption. The results show that the proposed breaker interrupts a 15 kA current in 4.45 ms at a 1 500 V voltage level.

Research and Design of Automated Verification Scheme for Substation Integrated Automation Equipment Renovation

ZHANG Haiting, GUO Lijun, CHEN Zhe, TIAN Qiaohong, SHAO Guangshi, LI Yongzhao

2026, 0(4):  49-56.  doi:10.16628/j.cnki.2095-8188.2026.04.006

Asbtract ( 10 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (12024KB) ( 3 )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

To solve the problem of long debugging cycles in the renovation of station control layer integrated automation equipment of substations in service for more than 10 years, an automatic verification scheme is proposed. A simulation test environment is built, data migration tools and automatic comparison analysis methods are adopted, and the original old equipment is fully utilized to realize static and dynamic closed-loop verification of engineering data of new replacement equipment. The renovation efficiency and quality are greatly improved, which provides an effective technical support for the rapid reconstruction of integrated automation equipment in aged substations.

Energy Storage Technology

Review of Thermal Runaway Evolution Mechanism and Active Protection Strategy for Lithium-Ion Energy Storage Systems Based on Catastrophe Theory

ZHANG Hongquan, LIU Mingyuan, CHEN Xinghao, SUN Biao, XIE Yuxuan

2026, 0(4):  57-68.  doi:10.16628/j.cnki.2095-8188.2026.04.007

Asbtract ( 9 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (4429KB) ( 4 )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Lithium-ion energy storage systems are the core key to the construction of new power systems, while safety risks including thermal runaway and electrical faults seriously restrict their large-scale application. Aiming at building a comprehensive energy storage safety technical system, three key fields, including risk evolution mechanism, multi-dimensional monitoring and diagnosis, and high-efficiency protection strategy, are systematically reviewed. The technical progress from material modification to intelligent algorithm is summarized, and the existing challenges of current technologies in complex working condition adaptability and cost control are deeply analyzed.In the future, the full life-cycle management based on multi-field coupling simulation and artificial intelligence intelligent early warning will become the mainstream development direction. The research indicates that constructing a closed-loop intelligent system of“risk prediction, accurate monitoring and efficient protection”is an inevitable way to realize the safe and sustainable development of energy storage industry.

Optimal Scheduling and Algorithmic Modeling of Vertical Stacking Gravity Energy Storage System

SUN Ruodi, ZHAO Xinyi, CHEN Haifeng, LIU Chunjiang, HU Cheng

2026, 0(4):  69-76.  doi:10.16628/j.cnki.2095-8188.2026.04.008

Asbtract ( 9 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (2724KB) ( 5 )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

To mitigate renewable curtailment and unmet load caused by source-load mismatch, scheduling modeling of a Vertical Block Energy Storage System(VBESS) is conducted. A gravitational potential energy and charge/discharge efficiency model is developed, a heuristic operating rule is proposed, and a mixed-integer linear programming(MILP) model that minimizes the maximum unmet load is formulated. Using measured rooftop PV and residential load data, three cases—no storage, heuristic control, and optimal scheduling—are compared. Results show that, with a reasonable tower scale and initial energy level, the MILP schedule markedly reduces the maximum unmet load and energy waste, improving renewable utilization and supply reliability. It is concluded that the proposed method provides quantitative guidance for VBESS sizing and operating strategies.

Voltage Ripple Suppression Strategy for Modular Cascaded Energy Storage Systems

LIU Jingyu, WU Yucheng, LU Hongkun, ZHENG Wenlong, LI Haijun

2026, 0(4):  77-87.  doi:10.16628/j.cnki.2095-8188.2026.04.009

Asbtract ( 9 )   HTML ( 1)   PDF (4737KB) ( 4 )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

To suppress the bus voltage ripple in modular cascaded energy storage systems under parameter mismatch conditions, an adaptive carrier phase-shift modulation strategy is proposed. Based on frequency-domain analysis and ripple vector modeling, the switching-frequency and double-frequency ripples are eliminated by constructing closed vector polygons and coordinating inter-group phases. For theoretically unsolvable regions, the ripple amplitude is minimized via extremum optimization. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed strategy significantly reduces the bus voltage ripple amplitude and exhibits good robustness under wide-range battery state fluctuations, validating its effectiveness.

Electrical Design & Discussion

Study on Design Technique of Stable Gain for a True Logarithmic Amplifier

HU Bo, LIU Dengxue, FU Peng, PANG Youbing

2026, 0(4):  88-91.  doi:10.16628/j.cnki.2095-8188.2026.04.010

Asbtract ( 6 )   HTML ( 3)   PDF (2048KB) ( 4 )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Conventional true logarithmic amplifiers exhibit high gain, but their gain varies significantly at high and low temperatures. A gain-stabilization design technique is presented, which reuses partial subcircuits of the original circuit and requires only a small number of additional components to achieve temperature compensation and gain stabilization. After adding temperature drift compensation, the gain variation of the circuit across high and low temperatures is reduced from 3.9 dB to 0.5 dB. It offers stable gain, wide dynamic range, high logarithmic accuracy, compact size, and ease of use, and can be widely used such as radar, sonar, communications, and electronic warfare systems.